Текст по английскому кровотечение

Blood is considered a modified type of connective tissue. Mesoder-mal in origin, it is composed of cells and cell frag ments (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), fibrous proteins (fibrinogen – fibrin during clotting), and an extracellular amorphous ground substance of fluid and proteins (plasma). Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to all cells of the body and waste materials away from cells to the kidney and lungs. It also contains cellular elements of the immune system as well as humoral factors. This chapter will discuss the differ ent elements of blood and the processes by which they are formed.

Formed elements of the blood
The formed elements of the blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are important in trans porting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and in returning carbon dioxide to the lungs. Oxygen and carbon dioxide carried in the RBC combine with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin, respectively.
Mature erythrocytes are denucleated, biconcave disks with a diameter of 7-8 mm. The biconcave shape results in a 20-30% increase in sur face area compared to a sphere.
Erythrocytes have a very large surface area: volume ratio that allows for efficient gas transfer. Erythrocyte membranes are remarkably pliable, enabling the cells to squeeze through the narrowest capillaries. In sickle cell anemia, this plasticity is lost, and the subsequent clogging of capillaries leads to sickle crisis. The normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood is 3,5-5,5 million/mm3 in women and 4,3– 5,9 million/mm3 in men. Higher counts in men are attributed to the erythrogenic androgens. The packed volume of blood cells per total volume of known as the hematocrit. Normal hematocrit values are 46% for women and 41-53% for men.

When aging RBCs develop subtle changes, macrophages in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver engulf and digest them. The iron is carried by transferring in the blood to certain tissues, where it combines with apoferritin to form ferritin. The heme is catabolized into biliver-din, which is converted to bilirubin. The latter is secreted with bile salts.
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are primarily with the cellular and humoral defense of the organism foreign materials. Leukocytes are classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lympmonocytes).
Granulocytes are named according to the staining properties of their specific granules. Neutrophils sare 10-16 mm in diameter.
They have 3-5 nuclear lobes and contain azurophilic granules (ly-sosomes), which contain hydrolytic enzymes for bacterial destruction, in their cytoplasm. Specific granules contain bactericidal enzymes (e. g., lysozyme). Neutrophils are phagocytes that are drawn (chemo-taxis) to bacterial chemoattractants. They are the primary cells involved in the acute inflammatory response and represent 54-62% of leukocytes.
Eosinophils: they have a bilobed nucleus and possess acid granulations in their cytoplasm. These granules contain hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase, which a discharged into phagocytic vacuoles.
Eosinophils are more numerous in the blood durii asitic infections and allergic diseases; they norma asent onlyi – 3% of leukocytes.
Basophils: they possess large spheroid granules, which are basophi-lic and metachromatic, due to heparin, a glycosaminoglycan. Their granules also contain histamine.
Basophils degranulate in certain immune reaction, releasing hepa-rin and histamine into their surroundings. They also release additional vasoactive amines and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) consisting of leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4. They represent less than 1% – of leukocytes.
Agranulocytes are named according to their lack of specific granules. Lymphocytes are generally small cells measuring 7-10 mm in diameter and constitute 25-33% of leukocytes. They con tain circular dark-stained nuclei and scanty clear blue cyto plasm. Circulating lymphocytes enter the blood from the lymphatic tissues. Two principal types of immunocompetent lymphocytes can be identified using im-munologic and bio chemical techniques: T lymphocytes and В lymphocytes.
T cells differentiate in the thymus and then circulate in the peripheral blood, where they are the principal effec tors of cell-mediated immunity. They also function as helper and suppressor cells, by modulating the immune response through their effect on В cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and other T Cells.

В cells differentiate in bone marrow and possibly in the gut-associated lymphatic tissues (GALT). They are the principal mediators of humoral immunity through their production of antibodies. Once activated by contact with an antigen, they differentiate into plasma cells, which synthesize antibodies that are secreted into the blood, intercellular fluid, and lymph. В lymphocytes also give rise to memory cells, which differentiate into plas ma cells only after the second exposure to the antigen. They are responsible for the secondary, or amnestic response that occurs when the body is exposed to an antigen for a second time. Monocytes vary in diameter from 15-18 mm and are the largest of the peripheral blood cells. They constitute 3-7% of leukocytes.
Monocytes possess an eccentric U-shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus. The cytoplasm has a ground-glass appearance and fine azurophi-lic granules.
Their nuclei stain lighter than lymphocyte nuclei because of their loosely arranged chromatin.
Monocytes are the precursors for members of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including tissue macrophages (histiocytes), osteoclasts, alveolar macrophages, and Kupffer cells of the liver.
Platelets (thromboplastids) are 2-3 mm in diameter.
They are a nuclear, membrane-bound cellular fragments derived by cytoplasmic fragmentation of giant cells, called megakaryocytes, in the bone marrow.
They have a short life span of approximately 10 days.
There are normally 150 000-400 000 platelets per mm3 of blood. Ultrastructurally, platelets contain two portions: a peripheral, light-staining hyalomere that sends out fine cytoplasmic processes, and a central, dark-staining granulomere that con tains mitochondria, va-cuoles, glycogen granules, and granules. Platelets seal minute breaks in blood vessels and maintain endothelial integrity by adhering to the damaged vessel in a process known as platelet aggregation. Platelets are able to form a plug at the rupture site of a vessel because their mem brane permits them to agglutinate and adhere to surfaces.
Platelets aggregate to set up the cascade of enzymatic reac tions that convert fibrinogen into the fibrin fibers that make up the clot.
New words
blood – кровь
to be considered – рассматриваться
modified – измененный
mesodermal – мезодермальный
erythrocytes – эритроциты
leukocytes – лейкоциты
platelets – тромбоциты
fibrous proteins – волокнистые белки
cellular – клеточный
elements – элементы
immune – иммунный
humoral – гуморальный
important – важный
trans porting – транспортировка
carbon – углерод
dioxid – диоксид
to contain – содержать
circular – проспект
dark-stained – запятнанный
nuclei – ядра
scanty – скудный
precursors – предшественники
short – короткий
life – жизнь
span – промежуток
approximately – приблизительно
peripheral – периферийный
light-staining – легкое окрашивание
to aggregate – настраивать
to set up – устанавливать

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. He has… small family.
2. He has… father and… mother.
3. He has no… brother, but he has… sister.
4. His sister is… pupil.
5. She is… good girl, and she had… many Russian books, but she has no… English hooks.
6. There is… writing-desk in… room… writing-desk is good.
7. There is… lamp on.writing desk.
8. My uncle has… large family. They are six in… family.
9. My father is… engineer.
10. He works at… big factory.
11. We have… good library.
12. Our books are in… big bookcase.
13. In your sister… married?
14. What do you do after… breakfast?
15. I go to… school.
16. When do you come… home?
17. I come… home at… half past two.
18. Do you like to watch TV in… evening?
19. There is… paper on… writ ing-desk.
20. My… books and… exercise-books arc on… writing-desk, too.

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. What… colour is your new… hat?
2. It is… white.
3. Is there… refrigerator in your… kitchen?
4. Where is… refrigerator in your… kitchen?
5. IT is in… corner of… kitchen.
6. There are… mirrow in our… living-room.
7. There are… flowers in… vase.
8. I have… tea in my… cup.
9. He has no… coffee in his… cup.
10. What… book did take from… library on… Tuesday?
11. I have books,… exercise-books and pens.
12. I work.an office.
13. Whose.those pen?

Answer the questions.
1. How is the blood considered?
2. What is the blood composed of?
3. What does blood carry?
4. Where does the blood carry oxygen and nutrients?
5. What does the blood contain in the immune system?
6. What do the formed elements of the blood include?
7. Hoe do we also call red blood cells?
8. What area do erythrocytes have?
9. What do eosinophils have?
10. What appearance does the cytoplasm have?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

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Я могу остановить кровотечение.

I can stop the bleeding.

У Готфрида сильное кровотечение.

Gotfred’s bleeding.

Мне нужно найти место, где я смогу остановить кровотечение.

I gotta find a place to stop the bleeding.

Кровотечение остановлено, Вебстер.

The bleeding’s stopped, Webster.

Вероятно, это кровотечение.

It might be a bleeding.

15-я койка, кровотечение, месье.

Bed 15 is hemorrhaging, sir.

Кровотечение остановит жидкость.

The blood that was hemorrhaging is going back with the intake of liquids.

Если кровотечения опять начнутся, что очень возможно, позвоните мне.

If the hemorrhaging should start again, which is very improbable, You can telephone me.

На самом деле он не взорвался, ни коим образом… но ему сделали внутреннее кровотечение.

He didn’t really burst, not all the way… He was hemorrhaging internally.

У нее было сотрясение мозга, сломанные ребра, внутреннее кровотечение.

She had a concussion, broken ribs internal hemorrhaging.

Я говорила тебе о его кровотечении из носа?

Did I tell you about his nosebleed?

Это тебе не кровотечение из носа!

It’s more than a nosebleed!

У дочки Одри кровотечение, и у Дениз из Трешерз, и даже у Тревора, который привозит мне капустный салат.

Audrey’s Pat has got a nosebleed, and Denise from Thresher’s, and even Trevor who fetches my coleslaw.

Я покажу тебе — кровотечение из носа, чувак!

I’ll give you a nosebleed, mate!

Нельзя умереть от кровотечения из носа!

You can’t die of a nosebleed!

Ещё один с кровотечением. Огнестрельное.

There’s another bleeder for you.

У нас кровотечение.

We have a bleeder.

Там артериальное кровотечение, требуется переливание крови.

You, listen. I got an arterial bleeder that needs an I.V. Move it, move it.

Ты вызвал кровотечение.

You’ve got a bleeder.

Все учтены, но тут кровотечение.

They’re all accounted for, but I see a bleeder here.

Ой, сейчас свалюсь, у меня шок от кровотечения.

I feel weak from shock and loss of blood.

первое с девочкой из и исцеление женщины, которая страдала от кровотечения.

the first of the girl from and the healing of a woman with an issue of blood.

Спасибо, отец, но это не гордыня, а кровотечение из носа.

It’s blood from my nose.

Наверное, внутреннее кровотечение.

Blood. That should be on the inside.

Нужно остановить кровотечение.

Use pressure to stop the blood.

— Я думаю у меня кровотечение.

— I think I have a haemorrhage.

Хельмер утверждает, что в ходе операции произошло небольшое кровотечение.

Helmer claims that a minor haemorrhage occurred.

Конечно же там простое кровотечение Но выглядит это довольно скверно.

In our view a simple haemorrhage. They can look dramatic.

Твои действия вызвали у Мойи кровотечение и большую потерю инрисцентной жидкости.

But in doing so, you also caused Moya to haemorrhage most of her iriscentant fluid.

Принесите томограф и проверьте нет ли кровотечения, и, на всякий случай, приготовьте респиратор.

Get a CT and check for haemorrhage, and get a respirator ready just in case.

Плазменный ожог грудного отдела я могу вылечить, и я уже остановил внутреннее кровотечение, но поражение нервных клеток потребует некоторого… творческого подхода.

The plasma burns to her thoracic region I can treat and I’ve already stopped the internal bleeding, but her neural injuries are going to require some… creative thinking.

Я остановил внутреннее кровотечение.

I’ve stopped the internal bleeding.

— Я не могу остановить кровотечение.

— I can’t stop the internal bleeding.

Сколько известных тебе вирусов вызывают такое кровотечение?

How many viruses do you know cause internal bleeding?

Вопрос в том, что вызвало кровотечение?

The question is, what caused the internal bleeding?

Эпидуральная анестезия поможет замедлить кровотечение и также ускорит выздоровление.

The epidural will help slow down the blood flow and it will also help in a speedy recovery.

Жидкий азот способен охладить пораженный участок до минус 150 град., заморозить клетки и остановить кровотечение.

Liquid nitrogen can cool a wound to 150 below, freezing the cells and cutting off blood flow.

Как только перестало биться сердце, кровотечение из раны на голове должно было прекратиться.

Once her heart stopped beating, there should have been hardly any blood flow from the head wound.

Достаточно, чтобы вызвать сильное кровотечение и потерю сознания.

Enough to cause substantial blood flow to make him lose consciousness.

Она сдерживает кровотечение.

It’s stopping the blood flow.

Кровотечение идет в мозг.

He’s bleeding into his brain. He’s dying.

Кровотечение из ранения грудной клетки.

He’s bleeding out from this chest wound.

Черт, сильное кровотечение.

Damn it. He’s bleeding too much.

Кровотечение из носа и ушей.

He’s bleeding out of his nose and ears.

Нет, смотри, кровотечение совсем небольшое Лив.

No, look, I know that he’s bleeding quite a bit here Liv.

Похоже, может быть задета бедренная артерия, нужно остановить кровотечение.

Looks like it may have missed the femoral artery,but I gotta get this bleeding under control.

Я не могу остановить кровотечение.

I can’t get this bleeding under control.

Мы остановили кровотечение, удалили плаценту

We got the bleeding under control and removed the placenta,

Хорошо.Ладно, я пойду поищу твоего мужа как только мы остановим кровотечение.

Okay. Well, I’ll go look for your husband as soon as we get this bleeding under control.

Слушай, дружок, мне нужно что-то сделать, чтобы остановить кровотечение.

Listen, bud, I got to do something to get this bleeding under control.

Check it at Linguazza.com

• bleeding: phrases, sentences
• hemorrhaging: phrases, sentences
• nosebleed: phrases, sentences
• bleeder: phrases, sentences
• blood: phrases, sentences
• haemorrhage: phrases, sentences
• internal bleeding: phrases, sentences
• blood flow: phrases, sentences
• he’s bleeding: phrases, sentences
• bleeding under control: phrases, sentences